  
Appendix 7: Glossary
Acronyms Used
| CAM |
Commercial Accommodation Monitor |
| DTS |
Domestic Travel Survey |
| FTE |
Full-time equivalent employees (number of
full-time employees plus half the number of part-time employees) |
| GDP |
Gross Domestic Product |
| ISO |
International Organization for
Standardization |
| IVA |
International Visitor Arrivals |
| IVS |
International Visitor Survey |
| NZSCC |
New Zealand Standard Country
Classification |
| RTO |
Regional Tourism Organisation |
| TA |
Territorial Authority |
| TMT |
Te Manatū Tāpoi
/ Ministry of Tourism |
| TSA |
Tourism Satellite Account |
| WTO |
World Tourism Organisation |
Tourism Terminology
Source:
- Basic References on Tourism Statistics (World Tourism
Organisation)
- Recommendations on Tourism Statistics (United Nations and
World Tourism Organisation, 1994)
Domestic Visitor
Persons residing in a country, who travel to a place within the
country, outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding 12
months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an
activity remunerated from within the place visited.
Domestic visitors comprise:
- Tourists (overnight visitors): visitors who stay at least one night
in collective or private accommodation in their country of residence;
- Same-day visitors: visitors who do not spend the night in collective
or private accommodation in their country of residence.
Domestic visitors excludes the following categories of travellers:
- Residents travelling to another place within the country with the
intention of setting up their usual residence in that place;
- Persons who travel to another place within the country to exercise
an activity remunerated from within the place visited;
- Persons who travel to work temporarily in institutions within the
country;
- Persons who travel regularly or frequently between neighbouring
localities to work or study;
- Nomads and persons without fixed residence;
- Armed forces on manoeuvre.
Duration of Visit
The duration of a visit (stay or trip) is measured in the following
units: "the number of hours for same-day visits, and nights for
staying visits. For international tourism the duration is measured either
in terms of time spent in the receiving country for inbound tourism, or
time away from the usual residence for outbound tourism."
International Visitor
Persons travelling to a country other than that in which they have
their residence but outside their usual environment for a period not
exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.
International visitors includes:
- Tourists (overnight visitors): visitors who stay at least one night
in collective or private accommodation in the country visited;
- Same-day visitors: visitors who do not spend the night in collective
or private accommodation in the country visited;
International visitors excludes the following categories of travellers:
- Persons entering or leaving a country as migrants, including
dependants accompanying or joining them;
- Persons, known as border workers, residing near the border in one
country and working in another;
- Diplomats, consular officers and members of the armed forces when
travelling from their country of origin to the country of their
assignment or vice versa, including household servants and dependants
accompanying or joining them;
- Persons travelling as refugees or nomads;
- Persons in transit who do not formally enter the country through
passport country, such as air transit passengers who remain for a
short period in a designated area of the air terminal or ship
passengers who are not permitted to disembark. This category includes
passengers transferred directly between airports or other terminals.
Other passengers in transit through a country are classified as
tourists if they stay one night (or more), or as in transit same-day
visitors if they do not.
Resident in a Country
A person is considered to be a resident in a country if the person:
- has lived for most of the past year (12 months) in that country, or
- has lived in that country for a shorter period and intends to return
within 12 months to live in that country.
Same-Day Travel
The overall concept for same-day visits should be similar to that for
tourism, that is, "a break away from the usual environment".
Business trips and other non-leisure and holiday trips of a non-routine
nature should be included in the concept of same-day visits and identified
separately from leisure and holiday same-day trips.
Same-day visits can be classified by place of departure:
- Round-trip starting from the place of usual residence;
- Round-trip from the place of the second residence, or from the place
visited by a tourist, regardless of the purpose;
- During the course of a trip, regardless of purpose:
- stopover on a trip by air;
- stopover on a trip by sea (cruise or other trips where the
passenger spends the night aboard ship);
- stopover on a trip by land at any place, but not involving an
overnight stay.
Tourism
Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying
in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to
the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
There are three basic types of tourism:
- Domestic tourism: is the tourism of resident visitors within the
economic territory of the country of reference, that is, residents of
the given country travelling only within this country;
- Inbound tourism: is the tourism of non resident visitors within the
economic territory of the country of reference, that is, non-residents
of the given country travelling within the given country;
- Outbound tourism: is the tourism of resident visitors outside the
economic territory of the country of reference, that is, residents of
the given country travelling in another country.
Tourism Consumption
Domestic Tourism Consumption
The consumption of resident visitors within their country of reference.
The final destination of the visitor might be within or outside the
country of reference but the consumption activity that is referred to has
to take place within this country of reference. It might include goods or
services produced abroad or by non-residents but sold within the country
of reference (imported goods and services). Note that this definition is
broader than the common understanding of the term "domestic"
within tourism statistics (involving residents of the country of reference
travelling and remaining within the country) and as defined here domestic
tourism consumption includes what was traditionally identified as the
domestic portion of outbound tourism consumption.
Inbound Tourism Consumption
Comprises the consumption of non resident visitors within the economic
territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents.
Internal Tourism Consumption
Comprises all consumption of visitors both resident and non-resident
within the economic territory of the country of reference. It is the sum
of domestic tourism consumption and inbound tourism consumption. It might
include goods and services imported into the country of reference and sold
to visitors. This aggregate provides the most extensive measurement of
visitor consumption in the country of reference.
Visitor Consumption
The basic concept measuring tourism activity and refers to total
consumption of or on behalf of visitors and could, consequently, also be
termed as "visitor demand".
In visitor consumption concepts, visitor final consumption expenditure
in cash (its main component), corresponds to the term "visitor
expenditure", traditionally used in the analysis of tourism.
Visitor consumption exceeds visitor purchases on a trip. It encompasses
these purchases as well as all expenditure on goods and services by all
other institutional units on behalf of visitors. If cash or financial
assets are transferred to the visitor to finance his/her trip, the
purchases funded by these are included in visitor consumption. Along with
this are all forms of transfers in kind and other transactions benefiting
visitors where it is not cash or financial assets which is provided to the
visitors but the goods and services themselves - thus the consumption of
individual non-market services is included. Essentially all transactions
where there is a direct link between the visitor and the producer/provider
of the good or service are within scope.
Usual Environment
The main purpose of introducing the concept "usual
environment" is to exclude from the concept of "visitor"
persons commuting every day or week between their home and place of work
or study, or other places frequently visited. The definition of usual
environment is therefore based on the following criteria:
- Minimum distance travelled to consider a person a visitor;
- Minimum duration of absence from usual place of residence;
- Minimum change between localities or administrative territories.
IVA Traveller Classes
- Short-term overseas visitor arrivals: overseas visitors who arrive
in New Zealand for a stay of less than one year)
- Short-term overseas visitor departures: overseas visitors who depart
New Zealand after a stay of less than one year.
- Short-term New Zealand resident departures: New Zealand residents
who depart for an overseas trip of less than one year's duration.
- Short-term New Zealand resident arrivals: New Zealand residents who
arrive from overseas after a trip of less than one year's duration.
Survey Terminology
Source:
- Guide for the Collection of Community Information
(Statistics New Zealand, 1998b)
- Statistics Canada Quality Guidelines (Statistics Canada,
1998).
Bias
The amount an estimate differs from the value in the whole population
because of some error relating to the sample selection method, the
questionnaires etc, that tends to result in a misrepresentation of what is
being measured.
Census
A survey which attempts to collect data from all members of a
population
Coding
The process of changing the answers in the questionnaire into numbers,
for example, Yes, No, Don't Know, could be coded as 1, 2 and 3.
Coverage
The extent to which a frame includes all the elements of the target
population.
Dissemination
The release to users of information obtained through a statistical
activity.
Errors
- Coverage errors: consist of omissions, erroneous inclusions, and
duplications in the frame used to conduct the survey.
- Non-response errors: occur when the survey fails to get a response
to one, or possibly all, of the questions. Non-response causes both an
increase in variance, due to the decrease in the effective sample size
and/or due to the use of imputation, and may cause a bias if the
non-respondents and respondents differ with respect to the
characteristic of interest.
- Measurement errors: occur when the response received differs from
the "true" value, and can be caused by the respondent, the
interviewer, the questionnaire, the mode of collection, or the
respondent's record-keeping system.
- Processing errors: occur at the subsequent steps of data editing,
coding, capture, imputation and tabulation.
- Sampling errors: occur when the results of the survey are based on a
sample of the population rather than the entire population.
Frame
Any list, material or device that delimits, identifies, and allows
access to the elements of the target population. It can be a physical list
(e.g. an electoral roll) or a conceptual list (e.g. people booking airline
tickets).
Imputation
The process used to resolve problems of missing, invalid or
inconsistent responses identified during editing.
Non-Response
Some people who are in the sample for the survey can't, don't or won't
answer the questionnaire. This may be because they can't be contacted, or
because they refuse. Non-response can create a bias as the people who do
not respond can have different characteristics from those who do.
Population
The target population is the entire group of people you want
information about. The survey population is the group of people who have a
chance to be selected for the sample. For example, if your target
population was all adults over the age of 20 and you used the telephone
book as your frame, your survey population would only be people who have a
telephone and who have their numbers in the phone book.
Probability Sampling
In probability sampling every person in the population has a measurable
chance of selection.
Questionnaire
A set of questions designed to collect information from a respondent. A
questionnaire may be interviewer-administered or respondent-completed,
using paper-and-pencil methods of data collection or computer-assisted
modes of completion.
Representative
The extent to which a sample has the same distribution of
characteristics as the population from which it was selected.
Respondent
The person from whom survey information is collected.
Respondent Burden
The factors which make being a respondent hard work, for example, the
time it takes to do the questionnaire, and how difficult the questionnaire
is to complete.
Response Rate
The number of people who respond to your survey in relation to the
number you approached to be in the survey. For example, if you have a
response rate of 75 percent, this means that 75 percent of the people you
tried to survey actually completed the questionnaire.
Sample
A subset of the population which you hope will be representative of the
total population and which will therefore enable you to make
generalisations about the total population.
Sample Error
The sample error is a measure of the variability that occurs by chance
because a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed.
Sample Survey
Data are collected from a (usually random) sample of population members
Sampling
The selection of a set of units from a target population. This set of
units is referred to as the sample.
Stratification
Consists of dividing the population into subsets (called strata) before
the selection of a sample within each of these subsets.
Target Population
The set of elements about which information is wanted and estimates are
required.
Time Series
Data measured at regular intervals over a period of time.
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